SELECTED GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND PROPER NAMES Because the glossary from The Pendragon Legacy wouldn't be appropriate, extracts taken from the The Historic King Arthur and Historical Figure of the Arthurian Era explain applicable information for the novel. Adventi of the Saxons--According to Arthurian scholar Leslie Alcock, there were three distinctive "comings" of the Saxons: the first occurred in approximately 428, the second near 442, and the third in 449-450. In The Historic King Arthur Hengist and Horsa were identified as the leaders for the second and third Adventi. Aelle--The first Saxon to be designated as Bretwalda, a German Saxon who conquered territories in Britain. It has been erroneously interpreted that his territories are along the southern coast, and he is typically referred to as a South Saxon, but evidence--including his sons’ Welsh names-- shows that his locus is in the Midlands. See Bretwalda. Aeternus (Edern in the Book of Taliessin XLVI)--Cunedda's father, of Roman lineage. Historic Figures of the Arthurian Era identifies him as Vortigern. See Paternus, Tacitus, Vortigern. Aethelbert-- Third German Saxon to be designated as Bretwalda. His role, however is minor as a king in Kent. See Bretwalda. Ambris--According to Geoffrey of Monmouth, the site where Hengist massacred Vortigern's Council of the Elders. When Aurelius Ambrosius became king, he dedicated this site by having Merlin and Utherpendragon move Stonehenge here from Ireland. Unfortunately, Monmouth's manuscript is vague, indicating perhaps that he was referring to either Amesbury/Avebury or Stonehenge as the site of the macabre slaughter. In the novel the massacre of Vortigern's Council of the Elders is set at his southern fortress, which is listed in modern maps as Llanfinhangel-ar-arth on the River Teifi, due north from Carmarthen about twelve miles. Bretwalda (Breotenwalda, Brytenwalda)--Saxon term which has traditionally been translated and defined to mean "British ruler" or "Ruler of Britain." “British ruler" indicates that ethnically the ruler is Briton, but "Ruler of Britain" suggests that a foreign king could be ruling in Britain. Although this is a crucial difference for defining the terms, the two phrases are commonly considered synonymous. Historic Figures of the Arthurian Era, however, concludes that the innovative definition should more accurately be "a German Saxon who allied himself with his English Saxon compatriots and conquered kingdoms in Britain." The later Bretwaldas were Raedwald, Edwin, Oswald and Oswy. See pages 43-48 of Historic Figures of the Arthurian Era for a detailed discussion of this term. Brydw--A name on Eliseg's Pillar which is also a reference to Vortimer/Cunedda/Elesa. Although the names of Vortigern's other sons appear on the Pillar, Vortimer's name is missing. But because the Historia Brittonum praises Vortimer by relating that he is loved by the Britons and blessed by Saint Germanus, and Brydw is praised in the same way on the Pillar, Historic Figures of the Arthurian Era links the name Brydw to Cunedda (Vortimer), whose name is also enigmatically absent from the Pillar. See Elesa, Vortimer. "compacting"--The technique of early scribes listing both major and minor historical events in a very abbreviated series. "conquering a kingdom"--one translation from Latin describing the acquisition of territory by a force of arms. See "granting a kingdom." Eigr--Name for Ygerna (Igraine) as it appears in the Brut Tysilio. Eiger is listed as the daughter of Amlaudd the Great. English Saxons--Those Saxons who had migrated to Britain during Roman occupation and had hence become known to the Romans by the generic term Britanni, since they had been on the island for at least a couple of generations. Arthur's battles are mainly against the English Saxons, which is why Gildas Badonicus refers to these conflicts as "civil" or "internal" wars. See German Saxons, home, homeland. epithet--A title so commonly used for an individual that it replaces his real name. floruit--A general chronological measurement for a generation, usually thirty years. See lifespan, "reasonable-age concept." German Saxons--Those relatives of English Saxons who lived on the continent. When civil war sporadically breaks out on the island, the English Saxons seek aid from their German counterparts. See English Saxons, home, homeland. "granting a kingdom"--One translation from Latin of how Cerdic acquired the West Saxon territory. According to John of Glastonbury, Arthur granted the kingdom to Cerdic because of Cerdic's pledge of fealty. See "conquering a kingdom." Guithelinus--As Geoffrey of Monmouth's equivalent of Guitolin, Guithelinus is Bishop of Gloucester promoted to Archbishop of London. He is instrumental in recruiting aid for Britain from Brittany, and he likewise becomes the guardian for both Ambrosius and Utherpendragon. See Vitalinus. homolog--A term coined in The Historic King Arthur and Historic Figures of the Arthurian Era referring to two or more different names or epithets which knowingly or unknowingly applies to the same genetic individual. inscribed stones--General term used by Leslie Alcock to identify ancient monumental stones inscribed in Latin, Ogham, or both. The most relevant as they apply to Arthurian history are the Group I stones dating to the fifth, sixth, and seventh centuries, clustered in Wales and parts of the Midlands. See Lapidem Tituli, Ogham. interpolation--Alteration or corruption of an ancient manuscript by inserting new or different material in the margins. Lapidem Tituli--Literally the "Titled" or "Inscribed" Stone, identifying one of Vortimer's battles against the Saxons near the shores of the Gallici Sea, erroneously interpreted as the Gallic rather than the Gaelic Sea, since Group 1 Ogham stones are found in Wales and NOT along the southern coast of England. Merlin--Character invented by Geoffrey of Monmouth evolving from Aurelius Ambrosius and becoming a major figure in the later Romances. Octha (Octa)--Common Briton name for one of Arthur's enemies according to the Historia Brittonum. In that manuscript Arthur fights twelve battles. Later, in Monmouth's work, Octa is an enemy of Aurelius Ambrosius and Utherpendragon. Upon Horsa's death he becomes co-chieftain with his father Hengist, and later allies himself with Cerdic. See Osla Big Knife. Ogham--A form of the word Oghgul, meaning "Irish." Many stone memorials bearing the Ogham script exist throughout Wales and are peculiar to it. Osla Big Knife--Name for Octha as it appears in The Mabinogion. In "How Culhwch Won Olwen" Osla is one of Arthur's warriors and a comrade, but in "The Dream of Rhonobwy" he is Arthur's major enemy at the Battle of Badon. This implies that at one point, Octha was a foederati leader but then treasonously became an adversary. Paternus (Patern Pesrut, Paternus of the Red Robe)--Cunedda's grandfather, obviously of Roman lineage, with the color red suggesting royalty, or at least special Roman recognition. Saxones--Third-century Latin word for foreigners from the continent; it was a generic term for the Germanic tribes, including Saxons, Angles, Frisians, and Jutes. Scotti--Early term for the Irish migrants infiltrating the western and northwestern coast during the time of Gildas; not a reference to Scots. superbus tyrannus--Gildas' term for the individual who invited the Saxones into Britain; later scribes assigned the epithet "Vortigern" to this term, but it more realistically applies generically to a Roman emperor, the supreme overlord. Tacitus--Cunedda's great-grandfather. transpicuousness--In Arthurian terms, the capability of clearly seeing and understanding the milieu of Arthur's time, including chronology, geography, events, and historical figures. (Brut) Tysilio--The Brut which melds almost perfectly with the De Excidio, the Historia Brittonum, the History of the Kings of Britain, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, and the Annales Cambriae. Acton Griscom suggests that the manuscript might be the liber vestustissimus used by Monmouth. Vitalinus--Son of Gloui, traditionally identified as Vortigern's ally and Ambrosius' enemy, but The Historic King Arthur and Historic Figures of the Arthurian Era identify him as an ally and guardian of Ambrosius and therefore Vortigern's enemy. Vortigern--Commonly accepted as the superbus tyrannus of Gildas; The Historic King Arthur and Historic Figures of the Arthurian Era identify him as Aeternus. Vortimer--Son of Vortigern whose epithet appears only in the Historia Brittonum, but even there his epithet is omitted from the genealogies. The Historic King Arthur and Historic Figures of the Arthurian Era identify him as Cunedda, thus forming a parallel of Vortigern/Vortimer and Aeternus/Cunedda as father/son. Wessex--Part of Cerdic's West Saxon kingdom, commonly identified as Hampshire and Somerset in southern England. West Saxon--The term for Cerdic's genealogical house. After Arthur grants Cerdic parts of Hampshire and Somerset, Cerdic's kingdom ranges from Wessex in southern England to Ceredigion on the western coast of Wales. "West Saxon," therefore, is a general term, and Ceredigion and Wessex are a part of that kingdom. Ygerna (Igraine)--In the Romances, Arthur's mother.